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Abstract Background Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the primary cause of hospitalization in the United States and the third leading cause of death in Brazil. The gold standard for diagnosing the etiology of CAP includes blood culture, Gram-stained sputum, and sputum culture. However, these methods have low sensitivity. No studies investigating the etiology of CAP have been conducted in Brazil in the last 20-years, and the empirical choice of antimicrobials is mainly based on the IDSA guidelines. This is the first national study with this aim, and as a result, there's potential for the Brazilian consensus to be impacted and possibly modify its guidelines rather than adhering strictly to the IDSA's recommendations. Methods The aim of this study is to identify the main microorganisms implicated in CAP by employing a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (mPCR) at the foremost public hospital in Brazil. All patients who were admitted to the emergency department and diagnosed with severe CAP underwent an mPCR panel using nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, with the aim of detecting 13 bacterial and 21 viral pathogens. Results A total of 169 patients were enrolled in the study. The mPCR panel identified an etiological agent in 61.5% of patients, with viruses being the most common (42.01%), led by Rhinovirus, followed by Influenza and Coronavirus (non-SARS-CoV-2). Bacterial agents were identified in 34.91% of patients, with S. pneumoniae being the most common, followed by H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus. Additionally, we found that the prescription for 92.3% of patients could be modified, with most changes involving de-escalation of antibiotics and antiviral therapy. Conclusion Our study revealed different etiological causes of CAP than those suggested by the Brazilian guidelines. Using molecular diagnostic tests, we were able to optimize treatment by using fewer antibiotics.
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OBJECTIVES: We designed a cohort study to describe characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the largest public hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, as Latin America becomes the epicenter of the pandemic. METHODS: This is the protocol for a study being conducted at an academic hospital in Brazil with 300 adult ICU beds dedicated to COVID-19 patients. We will include adult patients admitted to the ICU with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 during the study period. The main outcome is ICU survival at 28 days. Data will be collected prospectively and retrospectively by trained investigators from the hospital's electronic medical records, using an electronic data capture tool. We will collect data on demographics, comorbidities, severity of disease, and laboratorial test results at admission. Information on the need for advanced life support and ventilator parameters will be collected during ICU stay. Patients will be followed up for 28 days in the ICU and 60 days in the hospital. We will plot Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate ICU and hospital survival and perform survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model to identify the main risk factors for mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04378582. RESULTS: We expect to include a large sample of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU and to be able to provide data on admission characteristics, use of advanced life support, ICU survival at 28 days, and hospital survival at 60 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide epidemiological data about critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Brazil, which could inform health policy and resource allocation in low- and middle-income countries.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/mortality , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/mortality , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Research Design , Brazil , Cohort Studies , Hospital Mortality , Observational Studies as Topic , Pandemics , Betacoronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Hospitals, University , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: A evidência de melhora da sobrevivência com uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo ainda permanece incerta. Métodos: Esta revisão sistemática e metanálise foi registrada na base de dados PROSPERO com o número CRD-42018098618. Conduzimos uma busca estruturada nas bases Medline, LILACS e ScienceDirect visando a ensaios randomizados e controlados que tivessem avaliado o uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea associada com ventilação mecânica (ultra)protetora em pacientes adultos com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo grave. Utilizamos a ferramenta de riscos de viés da Cochrane para avaliar a qualidade da evidência. O desfecho primário consistiu em avaliar o efeito do uso oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea no último relato de mortalidade. Os desfechos secundários foram: falha terapêutica, tempo de permanência no hospital e necessidade de terapia de substituição renal em ambos os grupos. Resultados: Incluíram-se na metanálise dois ensaios randomizados e controlados, compreendendo 429 pacientes, dos quais 214 receberam suporte respiratório extracorpóreo. A razão mais comum para a insuficiência respiratória foi pneumonia (60% - 65%). O suporte respiratório com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea foi associado a uma redução na mortalidade e redução em falha terapêutica com taxas de risco (RR: 0,76; IC95% 0,61 - 0,95; RR: 0,68; IC95% 0,55 - 0,85, respectivamente). O uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea reduziu a necessidade de terapia de substituição renal com uma RR de 0,88 (IC95% 0,77 - 0,99). O tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e no hospital foram maiores no grupo de pacientes que recebeu suporte com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, com acréscimo de 14,84 (P25°-P75°: 12,49 - 17,18) e 29,80 (P25°- P75°: 26,04 - 33,56) dias, respectivamente. Conclusão: O suporte com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo grave está associado a uma redução da taxa de mortalidade e da necessidade de terapia de substituição renal, porém apresenta aumento substancial no tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e no hospital. Nossos resultados podem ajudar no processo decisório junto ao leito quanto ao início do suporte com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo grave.
ABSTRACT Objective: The evidence of improved survival with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in acute respiratory distress syndrome is still uncertain. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database with the number CRD-42018098618. We performed a structured search of Medline, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect for randomized controlled trials evaluating the use of ECMO associated with (ultra)protective mechanical ventilation for severe acute respiratory failure in adult patients. We used the Cochrane risk of bias tool to evaluate the quality of the evidence. Our primary objective was to evaluate the effect of ECMO on the last reported mortality. Secondary outcomes were treatment failure, hospital length of stay and the need for renal replacement therapy in both groups. Results: Two randomized controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis, comprising 429 patients, of whom 214 were supported with ECMO. The most common reason for acute respiratory failure was pneumonia (60% - 65%). Respiratory ECMO support was associated with a reduction in last reported mortality and treatment failure with risk ratios (RR: 0.76; 95%CI 0.61 - 0.95 and RR: 0.68; 95%CI 0.55 - 0.85, respectively). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation reduced the need for renal replacement therapy, with a RR of 0.88 (95%CI 0.77 - 0.99). Intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were longer in ECMO-supported patients, with an additional P50th 14.84 (P25th - P75th: 12.49 - 17.18) and P50th 29.80 (P25th - P75th: 26.04 - 33.56] days, respectively. Conclusion: Respiratory ECMO support in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients is associated with a reduced mortality rate and a reduced need for renal replacement therapy but a substantial increase in the lengths of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. Our results may help bedside decision-making regarding ECMO initiation in patients with severe respiratory distress syndrome.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/mortality , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Length of StayABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar pacientes graves transportados em suporte respiratório ou cardiovascular extracorpóreo. Métodos: Descrição de uma série de 18 casos registrados no Estado de São Paulo. Todos os pacientes foram consecutivamente avaliados por uma equipe multidisciplinar no hospital de origem. Os pacientes foram resgatados, sendo a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea instalada in loco. Os pacientes foram, então, transportados para os hospitais referenciados já em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Os dados foram recuperados de um banco de dados prospectivamente coletado. Resultados: De 2011 até 2017, 18 pacientes com 29 (25 - 31) anos, SAPS3 de 84 (68 - 92), com principais diagnósticos de leptospirose e influenza A (H1N1) foram transportados no Estado de São Paulo para três hospitais referenciados. Uma distância mediana de 39 (15 - 82) km foi percorrida em cada missão, em um tempo de 360 (308 - 431) minutos. As medianas de um (0 - 2) enfermeiro, três (2 - 3) médicos e um (0 - 1) fisioterapeuta foram necessárias por missão. Dezessete transportes foram realizados por ambulância e um por helicóptero. Existiram intercorrências: em duas ocasiões (11%), houve falha de fornecimento de energia para a bomba e, em duas ocasiões, queda da saturação de oxigênio < 70%. Treze pacientes (72%) sobreviveram para a alta hospitalar. Dos pacientes não sobreviventes, dois tiveram morte encefálica; dois, disfunção de múltiplos órgãos; e um, fibrose pulmonar considerada irreversível. Conclusões: O transporte com suporte extracorpóreo ocorreu sem intercorrências maiores, com uma sobrevida hospitalar alta dos pacientes.
ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the transport of severely ill patients with extracorporeal respiratory or cardiovascular support. Methods: A series of 18 patients in the state of São Paulo, Brazil is described. All patients were consecutively evaluated by a multidisciplinary team at the hospital of origin. The patients were rescued, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was provided on site. The patients were then transported to referral hospitals for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Data were retrieved from a prospectively collected database. Results: From 2011 to 2017, 18 patients aged 29 (25 - 31) years with a SAPS 3 of 84 (68 - 92) and main primary diagnosis of leptospirosis and influenza A (H1N1) virus were transported to three referral hospitals in São Paulo. A median distance of 39 (15 - 82) km was traveled on each rescue mission during a period of 360 (308 - 431) min. A median of one (0 - 2) nurse, three (2 - 3) physicians, and one (0 - 1) physical therapist was present per rescue. Seventeen rescues were made by ambulance, and one rescue was made by helicopter. The observed complications were interruption in the energy supply to the pump in two cases (11%) and oxygen saturation < 70% in two cases. Thirteen patients (72%) survived and were discharged from the hospital. Among the nonsurvivors, there were two cases of brain death, two cases of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and one case of irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusions: Transportation with extracorporeal support occurred without serious complications, and the hospital survival rate was high.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods , Ambulances , Transportation of Patients/methods , Air Ambulances , Patient Care Team , Severity of Illness Index , Brazil , Prospective Studies , Databases, Factual , Influenza, Human/therapy , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/therapy , Leptospirosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
As neoplasias das glândulas salivares são afecções que constituem aproximadamente 3 por cento de todos os tumores da cabeça e pescoço. O tratamento cirúrgico adequado depende do correto conhecimento do tipo histológico, principalmente quando se trata de lesões malignas. Dessa maneira, a correta determinação do diagnóstico histológico pré-operatório auxilia em muito o planejamento terapêutico, porém, geralmente, isto é difícil de se estabelecer baseado apenas nos achados da história, exame clínico e de imagem. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo avalia comparativamente os resultados de exames citológicos obtidos através de punção aspirativa com agulha fina (PAAF) de tumores de glândulas salivares, realizados no período pré-operatório, com os dados histológicos de espécimes cirúrgicos, analisando a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia do método quanto ao diagnóstico de malignidade e benignidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 73 prontuários de pacientes portadores de neoplasia de glândulas salivares, todos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Obtivemos 87,9 por cento de sensibilidade e 85,7 por cento de especificidade para diagnóstico de tumores benignos; sensibilidade de 42,9 por cento e especificidade de 98,3 por cento para diagnóstico de tumores malignos. O valor global da acurácia foi de 87,7 por cento, o valor preditivo positivo de 85,7 por cento e o negativo de 87,8 por cento para diagnóstico de malignidade com a PAAF. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a PAAF como método diagnóstico auxiliar, pode ser útil na avaliação pré-operatória, especialmente se o diagnóstico for de malignidade, contribuindo assim para um melhor planejamento cirúrgico do doente.
Neoplasms of salivary glands represent almost 3 percent of all head and neck tumors. Proper surgical treatment depends upon accurate histological findings, especially in the case of malignant lesions. As such, knowledge of correct cytological findings prior to surgery is important for therapeutic planning. This is not easily established since it is usually based only on the patients' clinical history and imaging exams OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results obtained from fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), comparing them to the histological findings of the respective surgical specimens and analyzing the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this method in relation to the diagnosis of malignancy or benignancy. METHODS: Retrospective study with the medical records of 73ee patients' who had salivary gland neoplasms and were submitted to FNAB and surgical treatment. RESULTS: Data disclosed that values of sensitivity were 87.9 percent and specificity 85.7 percent for diagnosis of benign tumors. For malignant tumors 42.5 percent of sensitivity and 98.3 of specificity, were observed. Overall values of accuracy were, respectively, 85.7 percent and 87.8 percent for positive and negative predictive values in the diagnosis of malignancy by FNAB. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that FNAB, as supplementary diagnostic method, can be useful for preoperative evaluation and surgical planning especially for malignant neoplasms.